1. Genetic and hereditary factors:
Heredity and Genetic factors decide the size & shape of the body,
Therefore, family members bear resemblance.
The characteristics
are transmitted through genes that are responsible for family illness
for example, diabetes. Before the largeness or smallness of a child
The size of the parents should first be observed.
2. Race and Nationality:
Similar physical characteristics are seen in people belonging to the
same race.
As to height, tall & short examples exist among all races & subraces.
3. Environmental Factors for Childrens Growth
The Heredity influence environment are so interrelated that they are
practically inseparable. Better sunshine, clean surroundings, fresh
air, and socio-economic status can affect the parenting of children’s
development. Emotionally sound, warm & caring environment
which promotes the parent
4. Child positive interactions enhance the development. Prenatal
environment The influence of the uterine environment on a child’s
The environment is great, particularly since the uterus shields the fetus
from the full impact of external adverse conditions.
The harmful intrauterine fetal factors are:
The intrauterine fetus may suffer from a nutritional deficiency when Antenatal mother’s diet is low in taking or insufficient in quantity and quality, regardless of the mother’s socioeconomic standing.
The antenatal mother may suffer from metabolic and endocrine disorders
disturbance, i.e diabetes mellitus, which affects the fetus. If the mother is undergoing radiation for cancer or other conditions, the infant may require treatment etc.,
5. Postnatal environment:
An environment that provides satisfying experiences promotes
growth. Since growth & Development are interrelated,growth in
one area influences and is influenced by growth in all other areas.
The most important external & internal environmental factors are as follows:
(a) Cultural influences:
Groups of human beings create their own cultures, whereas each is influenced or shaped by the culture of which he or she is a part.
(b) Socioeconomic levels of the family:
The surrounding environment of lower socio-economic groups may be less favourable than the middle and upper groups.
(c) Nutrition:
Quality & quantity of food consumed by the child
affect his or her bodybuilding & resistance.
(d) Climate and season:
Climate and variations influence the Baby’s health. E.g., in summer,
it is very important when parents to be able to provide sufficient refrigeration of food and extermination of flies and other insects.
Infants in such families are prone to suffering from diarrhoea. Seasons
year of influences baby growth rates in height and weight, especially
older children. Weight gains are lowest rate in spring and early summer and greatest in late summer & autumn.
(e) Deviations from positive Health:
These may be caused by
hereditary or congenital Conditions, illness, or injury and may
result in altered levels of growth and development.
(f) Exercise:
Exercise increases the blood circulation, it can
promotes physiologic activity and stimulates muscular
development. Fresh air and sunshine favour health and growth.
(g) Ordinal position in the family:
Children learn from older
siblings, which may be lacking by the first child. The order of the child
may ha a bearing on the parent-child relationship and child-rearing
practices that are followed.
The firstborn baby in a family is an only child and receives all
parental attention until the second baby is born. The child born
Second or later to have more confidence in parenting
skills. The youngest is petted and may be slow in certain areas of
development.
Internal Environment:
a) Intelligence is correlated to some degree with physical
development, that is, the child with high intelligence is likely to
The taller and better developed the less gifted children.
Intelligence influences mental and social development.
Children born with a low level of intelligence can never excel.
No matter how enriched their environment.
b) Hormonal Influences: All the Endocrine hormones in the
The body affects growth in some manner.
There are hormones – Somatotropic hormone, thyroid hormone, and
that stimulate the gonadotropins are very important, others also
influence Baby growth to an extent.
i. The somatotropic hormone or growth hormone has major
The effect is on linear growth in height.STH is essential in proliferation
of Bone cartilage cells at epiphyseal plates.
ii. Thyroid hormones: Thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3), Thyrotropic hormone(TH). Thyroid hormones stimulate the
general metabolism. An excess of thyroid hormones produces
advanced linear growth, whereas deficiency produces cretinism
with stunted physical growth and intellectual retardation
iii. Hormones: that stimulate the gonads. The
Adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced by the adenohypophysis.
An excess of any of these hormones results in precocious
puberty, whereas a deficiency results in delayed development
c) Emotions: The relationships with significant other persons,
mother and father, siblings, peers and teachers, among others, play a
major and vital role in emotional, social and intellectual
development of the baby.
Nurses’ Responsibility in meeting the needs of the child:
1. The main function of nurses is the welfare of the child and his
family. Nursing of the child is aimed at the highest possible state of
health to each child. It includes preventing diseases or injuries,
helping children to meet their health needs, to achieve and
Maintain adequate health and development, and rehabilitate them.
2. The role of the paediatric nurse depends on her education,
experience job structure and professional demands.
(a) Preventive care: Prevention of illness and injury is important
in the role of paediatric nurse.
Preventive care should be considered in relation to all aspects of
children’s health.
A nurse must plan care for every aspect of the growth and development
of the child. Problems related to the development of nutrition,
immunisation, dental care, safety, socialisation, and education should
be assessed, and guidance should be provided.
(b) Health Education:
The nurses should give appropriate health
teaching with general feedback from parents. She should give
health instructions, planned talks or incidental teaching as required
A nurse can act as a model for parents & children.
(c) Restoration of Health:
The nurse’s role in the restoration of health
is accomplished through caregiving activities. The nurses are
involved in meeting their needs, such as feeding, bathing, security,
comfort and other care. She should continuously assess and
evaluate to modify the care plan and meet the developmental needs of
the child.
(d) Co-ordination: Nurses play an important role in the health team by
coordinating activities related to patient care. The communication
Coordination may be direct or indirect, depending on the health care.
The paediatric nurse can provide comprehensive care to infants &
children, including guidance to parents about their role in child care.
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